ngā purongo

I roto i tā mātou mahi whakaputa, ka haere tonumuka karāheKo ngā tukanga whakaputa e rua ngā momo matua, arā, ko te tukanga tuhi i roto i te para me te tukanga tuhi i roto i te oumu kaukau. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā tukanga tuhi waea oumu kaukau e whakamahia ana i te mākete. I tēnei rā, me kōrero tātou mō ēnei tukanga tuhi e rua.

1. Tukanga Tuhi Tawhiti Para

Ko te tukanga tātuhi ipu para he momo tukanga whakahāngai tuarua, ko te nuinga he whakamahana i te rauemi mata o te karāhe kia rewa ra ano, kātahi ka hanga te wai rewa hei mea porowhita. Ka rewahia anō ngā pōro ka puta mai, ka tāia hei miro. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki tō tēnei tikanga kāore e taea te wareware, pērā i te nui o te whakamahinga i roto i te whakaputanga, ngā hua kore pumau, me te iti o te hua. Ko te take ehara i te mea he iti noa te kaha o te tukanga tātuhi waea ipu para, he uaua ki te pumau te tukanga, engari he hononga pai anō hoki ki te hangarau whakahaere whakamuri o te tukanga whakaputa. Nō reira, i tēnei wā, ko te hua e whakahaerehia ana e te tukanga tātuhi waea ipu para, ko te hangarau whakahaere te mea tino pānga ki te kounga o te hua.

tūtohi rere o te tukanga muka karāhe

I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā wāhanga matua o ngā mea whakahaere o te ipu para: te whakahaere hiko honohono, te whakahaere pereti turuturu me te whakahaere tāpiri pōro. I roto i te whakahaere hiko honohono, ka whakamahia e te tangata ngā taputapu iahiko pumau, engari ko ētahi ka whakamahi i te whakahaere ngaohiko pumau, ā, e whakaaetia ana ēnei e rua. I roto i te whakahaere pereti turuturu, ka whakamahia e te tangata te whakahaere pāmahana pumau i roto i te oranga o ia rā me te whakaputa, engari ko ētahi ka whakamahi i te whakahaere pāmahana pumau. Mō te whakahaere pōro, he pai ake te hiahia o te tangata ki te whakahaere pōro wā poto. I roto i te whakaputanga o ia rā a te tangata, he nui ēnei tikanga e toru, engari mōmiro miro muka karāhe Me ngā whakaritenga motuhake, kei te mau tonu ētahi ngoikoretanga o ēnei tikanga whakahaere, pērā i te kore e ngāwari te mārama ki te tika o te whakahaere o te iahiko me te ngaohiko o te pereti turuturu, he nui te rerekētanga o te pāmahana o te pū, ā, he nui te rerekētanga o te mātotoru o te miro kua whakaputaina. Kāore rānei ētahi taputapu tono mara i te pai te whakakotahi me te tukanga whakaputa, ā, kāore he tikanga whakahaere kua whakaritea i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga para. He ngāwari rānei ki te pakaru, ā, kāore i te tino pai te pumau. E whakaatu ana ngā tauira i runga ake nei i te hiahia mō te whakahaere tika, te rangahau tupato, me ngā mahi ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua muka karāhe i roto i te whakaputanga me te oranga.

1.1. Ngā hononga matua o te hangarau whakahaere

1.1.1. Whakahaere hiko whakakotahi

Tuatahi, me whakarite kia ōrite, kia pumau hoki te pāmahana o te wai e rere ana ki roto i te pereti turuturu, ā, kia tika, kia tika hoki te hanganga o te oko, te whakaritenga o ngā irahiko, me te tūranga me te tikanga tāpiri i te pōro. Nō reira, i roto i te whakahaere hiko whakakotahi, ko te mea nui ko te whakarite kia pumau te pūnaha whakahaere. Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha whakahaere hiko whakakotahi he kaiwhakahaere atamai, he tuku iahiko me te kaiwhakahaere ngaohiko, me ētahi atu. E ai ki te āhuatanga tūturu, ka whakamahia te taputapu me ngā mati whai hua e 4 hei whakaiti i te utu, ā, ka whakamahia e te iahiko te tuku iahiko me te uara whai hua motuhake. I roto i te whakaputanga tūturu, e ai ki te pānga, i roto i te whakamahinga o tēnei pūnaha mō te whakahaere iahiko pumau, i runga i ngā tikanga tukanga pakeke ake me te tika, ka taea te whakahaere i te pāmahana o te wai e rere ana ki roto i te tāke wai i roto i te ± 2 nekehanga Celsius, nō reira i kitea e te rangahau ka taea te whakahaere. He pai te mahi, ā, he tata ki te tukanga kukume waea o te oumu puna kaukau.

1.1.2. Whakahaere pereti matapo

Hei whakarite i te whakahaere whai hua o te pereti turuturu, he pumau te pāmahana me te pēhanga o ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana, ā, he āhua pumau te āhua. Hei whakatutuki i te mana putanga ki te uara e hiahiatia ana, ka whakamahia he kaiwhakahaere he pai ake te mahi, hei whakakapi i te koropiko whakaoho thyristor tuku iho; hei whakarite kia teitei te tika o te pāmahana o te pereti turuturu, ā, kia iti te kaha o te wiri ā-wā, ka whakamahia he kaiwhakahaere pāmahana 5-bit he tino tika. Mā te whakamahinga o tētahi whakawhiti RMS tino tika motuhake ka whakarite kia kore te tohu hiko e hē ahakoa i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te pāmahana pumau, ā, he āhua pumau teitei te pūnaha.

1.1.3 Te whakahaere pōro

I roto i te whakaputanga o nāianei, ko te whakahaere tāpiri pōro ā-wā i te tukanga kukume waea para tetahi o ngā mea nui e pā ana ki te pāmahana i roto i te whakaputanga noa. Mā te whakahaere tāpiri pōro ā-wā ka pakaru te taurite pāmahana i roto i te pūnaha, ka pakaru anō, ka whakatikatika anō, ka nui ake te piki me te heke o te pāmahana i roto i te pūnaha, ā, ka uaua te whakahaere i te tika o te pāmahana. Mō te whakaoti me te whakapai ake i te raruraru o te utu ā-wā, ko te utu tonu tetahi atu āhuatanga nui hei whakapai ake me te whakapai ake i te pumau o te pūnaha. Nā te mea he nui ake te utu o te tikanga whakahaere wai oumu, ā, kāore e taea te rongonui i roto i te whakaputanga o ia rā me te oranga, kua kaha te iwi ki te auaha me te whakatakoto i tētahi tikanga hou. Kua hurihia te tikanga pōro ki te tāpiri pōro kore-taurite tonu. , ka taea e koe te wikitoria i ngā ngoikoretanga o te pūnaha taketake. I te wā e kukume ana i te waea, hei whakaiti i te piki me te heke o te pāmahana i roto i te oumu, ka hurihia te āhua whakapā i waenga i te tirotiro me te mata wai hei whakatikatika i te tere o te tāpiri i te pōro. Mā te tiaki whakaoho o te mita putanga, ka whakamanahia te haumaru me te pono o te tukanga tāpiri pōro. Mā te whakatikatika tika me te tika o te tere teitei me te tere iti ka taea te whakarite kia iti te piki me te heke o te wai. Mā ēnei panonitanga, ka whakarite kia taea e te pūnaha te huri i te tatau miro teitei i roto i te whānuitanga iti i raro i te aratau whakahaere o te ngaohiko pumau me te iahiko pumau.

2. Te tukanga tuhi waea oumu kaukau

Ko te pyrophyllite te rauemi matua o te tukanga kukume waea o te oumu puna kaukau. I roto i te oumu, ka whakamahanahia te pyrophyllite me ētahi atu kai kia rewa ra ano. Ka whakamahanahia te pyrophyllite me ētahi atu rauemi mata ka rewa ki roto i te wai karāhe i roto i te oumu, kātahi ka kukumea ki roto i te hiraka. Neke atu i te 90% o te katoa o te putanga o te ao te muka karāhe i puta mai i tēnei tukanga.

2.1 Te tukanga tātuhi waea oumu kaukau

Ko te tukanga o te kukume waea i roto i te oumu kaukau ko te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi mata nui ki te wheketere, kātahi ka noho hei rauemi mata whai mana mā roto i ngā tukanga maha pēnei i te kuru, te whakakorikori, me te tātari, kātahi ka haria ki te silo nui, ka paunatia ki roto i te silo nui, ka whakaranua ngā kai kia ōrite, i muri i te kawe ki te silo upoko oumu, kātahi ka whāngaihia ngā rauemi puranga ki roto i te oumu rewa o te waeine mā te whāngai tīwiri kia rewa, kia hangaia hei karāhe rewa. I muri i te rewa o te karāhe rewa, ā, ka rere mai i te oumu rewa o te waeine, ka tomo tonu ki te ara matua (e kiia ana ko te whakamārama me te whakakotahitanga, te ara whakatikatika rānei) mō te whakamārama me te whakakotahitanga anō, kātahi ka haere mā roto i te ara whakawhiti (e kiia ana ko te ara tohatoha) me te ara mahi (e mōhiotia ana ko te hongere hanga), ka rere ki roto i te awaawa, ka rere atu mā roto i ngā rarangi maha o ngā pū whakapūkara konukawata porous hei muka. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakamataohia e te pouaka whakamatao, ka pania e te hinu monofilament, kātahi ka toia e te mīhini kukume waea hurihuri hei hanga i tete haereere i runga i te muka karāhepōro

3. Tūtohi rere o te tukanga

4. Ngā taputapu tukatuka

4.1 Te whakarite paura whai tohu

Me kuru, me whakapūkara, me tātari hoki ngā rauemi mata nui e tomo ana ki te wheketere kia rite ki ngā paura kua tohua. Ngā taputapu matua: te mīhini kuru, te mata wiri ā-ringa.

4.2 Te whakarite puranga

E toru ngā wāhanga o te raina whakaputa puranga: te pūnaha kawe me te whāngai hau, te pūnaha pauna hiko me te pūnaha kawe whakaranu hau. Ngā taputapu matua: Te pūnaha whāngai kawe hau me te pūnaha pauna me te kawe whakaranu rauemi puranga.

4.3 Te whakarewa karāhe

Ko te tukanga whakarewa karāhe e kiia nei ko te tukanga whiriwhiri i ngā kai e tika ana hei hanga wai karāhe mā te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei, engari me ōrite, me pumau hoki te wai karāhe e whakahuatia ana i konei. I roto i te whakaputanga, he mea tino nui te whakarewa o te karāhe, ā, he tino hononga tata ki te putanga, te kounga, te utu, te hua, te whakapaunga wahie, me te roa o te wā o te oumu o te hua kua oti. Ngā taputapu matua: ngā taputapu oumu me te oumu, te pūnaha whakamahana hiko, te pūnaha mura, te pā whakamatao oumu, te pūoko pēhanga, me ētahi atu.

4.4 Te hanga muka

Ko te whakahānga muka he tukanga e hangaia ai te wai karāhe hei miro muka karāhe. Ka uru te wai karāhe ki te pereti turuturu porowhita ka rere ki waho. Ngā taputapu matua: te rūma hanga muka, te mīhini tuhi muka karāhe, te oumu whakamaroke, te pūwero, te taputapu kawe aunoa o te ngongo miro mata, te mīhini hurihuri, te pūnaha tākai, me ētahi atu.

4.5 Te whakarite i te taputapu whakarite rahi

Ka whakaritea te kaitātai ine me te epoxy emulsion, te polyurethane emulsion, te hinu whakahinuhinu, te kaitātai ārai-tūturu me ngā momo kaitātai honohono hei rauemi mata, me te tāpiri wai. Me whakamahana te tukanga whakarite mā te mamaoa kua hipokina, ā, ko te wai whakakore-ioniti te wai e whakaaetia whānuitia ana hei wai whakarite. Ka uru te kaitātai ine kua whakaritea ki te tāke tohanga mā te tukanga paparanga-i-te-paparanga. Ko te mahi matua o te tāke tohanga ko te tohanga, ka taea ai te hangarua me te whakamahi anō i te kaitātai ine, te whakaora rauemi me te tiaki i te taiao. Ngā taputapu matua: Pūnaha tohatoha kaitātai mākū.

5. muka karāhetiakitanga haumaru

Pūtake puehu ā-hau: ko te āhua hau o ngā mīhini whakaputa te nuinga, tae atu ki te āhua hau whānui me te āhua hau hapa.

Te tango puehu me te whakapūhautanga: Tuatahi, me whiriwhiri he wāhi tuwhera, kātahi ka tāuta he taputapu tango hau me te puehu ki tēnei wāhi hei tuku i te puehu.

Te mahi mākū: Ko te mahi mākū he mea hei akiaki i te puehu kia noho ki te taiao makuku, ka taea te whakamakuku i te rauemi i mua, te tauhiuhi rānei i te wai ki te wāhi mahi. He pai katoa ēnei tikanga hei whakaiti i te puehu.

Tiakitanga whaiaro: He mea tino nui te tango puehu i te taiao o waho, engari kaua e warewarehia tō ake tiaki. I te wā e mahi ana, mauria he kākahu tiaki me ngā kopare puehu e hiahiatia ana. Kia pā te puehu ki te kiri, horoia tonutia ki te wai. Ki te uru te puehu ki ngā kanohi, me whakahaere he maimoatanga ohorere, kātahi ka haere tonu ki te hōhipera mō te maimoatanga hauora. , ā, kia tūpato kei hongihia te puehu.

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