1 Taupānga Matua
Ko te miro hurihuri kāore i mirohia e pā ana ki te tangata i ia rā, he hanganga māmā noa iho, ā, he mea hanga mai i ngā monofilaments whakarara kua huihuia hei paihere. Ka taea te wehewehe i te miro hurihuri kāore i mirohia kia rua ngā momo: te kore-waikawa me te kawakawa-waenga, e wehewehea ana i runga i te rerekētanga o te hanganga karāhe. Hei whakaputa i ngā miro hurihuri karāhe whai tohu, me noho te diameter o ngā muka karāhe e whakamahia ana i waenga i te 12 me te 23 μm. Nā ōna āhuatanga, ka taea te whakamahi tika i roto i te hanganga o ētahi rauemi hiato, pērā i te takai me te tukanga pultrusion. Ā, ka taea hoki te whatu ki roto i ngā papanga hurihuri, nā te mea he tino ōrite te kaha. Hei tāpiri, he whānui hoki te mara o te whakamahinga o te miro hurihuri tapatapahi.
1.1.1Te hurihuri kore-hurihuri mō te rere
I roto i te tukanga whakakoi werohanga FRP, me whai i te hurihuri kore-whiri ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
(1) I te mea e hiahiatia ana te tapahi tonu i roto i te mahi whakaputa, me whakarite kia iti ake te hiko pateko e puta ana i te wā tapahi, e hiahia ana kia pai te mahi tapahi.
(2) I muri i te tapahi, ka tino whakapumautia te nui o te hiraka mata e puta mai ana, nō reira ka tino whakapumautia te pai o te hanga hiraka. He nui ake te pai o te horapa o te miro i muri i te tapahi.
(3) I muri i te tapatapahi, kia taea ai te kapi katoa i te miro mata ki runga i te pokepokea ai, me pania pai te miro mata.
(4) Nā te mea me ngāwari te hurihuri kia papatahi ai ngā mirumiru hau, me tere te uru ki roto i te kapia.
(5) Nā te rerekētanga o ngā tauira o ngā pū rehu, kia ōrite ai te matotoru o te waea mata ki ngā pū rehu rerekē.
1.1.2Te Hurihuri Kore-Pīrori mō te SMC
Ko te SMC, e mōhiotia ana ko te rauemi whakakikorua rau, ka kitea i ngā wāhi katoa o te ao, pērā i ngā wāhanga waka rongonui, ngā kaukau me ngā nohoanga rerekē e whakamahi ana i te SMC roving. I roto i te hanga, he maha ngā whakaritenga mō te roving mō te SMC. Me whakarite kia pai te tapahi, kia pai te āhuatanga ātete-pūmau, me te iti o te huruhuru hipi kia tika ai te pepa SMC e hangaia ana. Mō te SMC tae, he rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō te roving, ā, me ngāwari te uru ki roto i te kapia me te ihirangi tae. Ko te tikanga, ko te SMC roving muka karāhe noa ko te 2400tex, ā, he iti noa ngā wā ko te 4800tex.
1.1.3Te hurihuri kore-whiri mō te takai
Hei hanga i ngā paipa FRP me ngā matotoru rerekē, i puta mai te tikanga takai i te tāke rokiroki. Mō te takai hurihuri, me whai i ēnei āhuatanga.
(1) Me ngāwari te whakapiri, he rite te āhua ki te rīpene papatahi.
(2) I te mea he ngāwari te taka o te miro hurihuri kāore i mirohia i te koropiko ina tangohia mai i te porowhita, me whakarite kia pai te pirau, ā, kaua te hiraka e puta mai e paru pērā i te kōhanga manu.
(3) Kāore e taea te nui, te iti rānei o te taumahatanga, ā, kāore e taea te puta te āhuatanga o te taupua.
(4) Ko te whakaritenga kiato rārangi mō te haereere kore-whiri me rite tonu, ā, me iti iho i te uara kua tohua.
(5) Kia ngāwari ai te mākū i te wā e haere ana i roto i te tāke kapia, me pai te urunga o te ara hurihuri.
1.1.4Te kopikopiko mō te pultrusion
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te tukanga pultrusion i roto i te hanga i ngā momo kōtaha me ngā whiti whakawhiti ōrite. Me whakarite te hurihanga mō te pultrusion kia teitei te ihirangi muka karāhe me te kaha kotahi-ara. Ko te hurihanga mō te pultrusion e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga he huinga o ngā miro maha o te hiraka mata, ā, ko ētahi he hurihanga tika, e taea ana ēnei e rua. He rite tonu ngā whakaritenga mahi ki ērā o ngā hurihanga takai.
1.1.5 Te Hurihuri Kore-Whiri mō te Whatu
I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka kite tātou i ngā papanga gingham me ngā matotoru rerekē, ngā papanga haereere rānei i te ahunga kotahi, koinei te whakaaturanga o tētahi atu whakamahinga nui o te haereere, e whakamahia ana mō te raranga. Ko te haereere e whakamahia ana ka kiia hoki ko te haereere mō te raranga. Ko te nuinga o ēnei papanga ka whakaatuhia i roto i te whakakikoruatanga FRP ā-ringa. Mō te raranga haereere, me tutuki ēnei whakaritenga e whai ake nei:
(1) He ātete ki te kakahu.
(2) He māmā te tāpiri.
(3) Nā te mea he mea whakamahi nui mō te raranga, me whakamaroke i mua i te raranga.
(4) Mō te taumahatanga, ko te mea nui kia kaua e nui rawa, e iti rawa rānei, ā, me noho ōrite tonu. Me tutuki hoki ētahi tikanga mō te iri o runga.
(5) He pai ake te pirau.
(6) He ngāwari te uru o te kapia ina haere mā roto i te tāke kapia, nō reira me pai te uruhanga.
1.1.6 Te hurihuri kore-hurihuri mō te porowhita
Ko te tukanga e kiia nei ko te preforming, ko te pre-forming, ā, ka whiwhihia te hua i muri i ngā mahi e tika ana. I te whakaputanga, ka tapatapahia tuatahitia e mātou te roving, ka rehuhia te roving tapatapahi ki runga i te kupenga, me waiho te kupenga hei kupenga me te āhua kua whakaritea. Kātahi ka rehuhia te kapia kia rite te āhua. Hei whakamutunga, ka tukuna te hua kua hangaia ki roto i te pokepokea ai, ā, ka werohia te kapia, kātahi ka pēhihia kia wera kia whiwhi ai i te hua. He rite tonu ngā whakaritenga mahi mō ngā roving preform ki ērā mō ngā roving jet.
1.2 Kakahu hurihuri muka karāhe
He maha ngā papanga hurihuri, ā, ko te kingham tētahi o aua papanga. I roto i te tukanga FRP whakatakoto-ā-ringa, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te kingham hei papa matua nui. Ki te hiahia koe ki te whakanui ake i te kaha o te kingham, me whakarerekē e koe te ahunga o te whatu me te miro o te papanga, ka taea te huri hei kingham kotahi te ahunga. Hei whakarite i te kounga o te papanga karaehe, me whakamana ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei.
(1) Mō te papanga, me papatahi katoa, kaua he pupuhi, me tika ngā taha me ngā kokonga, ā, kaua he tohu paru.
(2) Me tutuki i te roa, te whānui, te kounga, te taumaha me te mātotoru o te papanga ētahi paerewa.
(3) Me pōkai pai ngā miro muka karāhe.
(4) Kia tere te uru o te kapia ki roto.
(5) Me tutuki i te maroke me te makuku o ngā papanga e whatuhia ana hei hanga i ngā momo hua ētahi whakaritenga.
1.3 Whāriki muka karāhe
Tapatapahia ngā miro karāhe tuatahi, ka tauhiuhia ki runga i te whitiki mata kua oti te whakarite. Kātahi ka tauhiuhia te mea here ki runga, ka whakamahana kia rewa, kātahi ka whakamatao kia totoka, ā, ka hangaia te whāriki miro tapatapahi. Ka whakamahia ngā whāriki muka miro tapatapahi ki te tukanga whakatakoto-ā-ringa, me te raranga hoki i ngā kiriuhi SMC. Hei whakatutuki i te hua whakamahinga pai rawa atu o te whāriki miro tapatapahi, i roto i te hanga, ko ngā whakaritenga mō te whāriki miro tapatapahi koia ēnei.
(1) He papatahi, he ōrite te whāriki miro tapatapahi katoa.
(2) He iti, he ōrite te rahi o ngā kōhao o te whāriki miro tapatapahi
(4) Kia tutuki i ētahi paerewa.
(5) Ka taea te whakakī tere ki te kapia.
1.3.2 Whāriki miro tonu
Ka whakatakotoria ngā whenu karāhe kia papatahi ki runga i te whitiki mata e ai ki ētahi whakaritenga. Ko te tikanga, me whakatakoto kia papatahi ki te āhua o te 8. Kātahi ka tauhiuhia ki te paura piri ki runga, ka whakamahana kia māro. He pai ake ngā whāriki whenu tonu i ngā whāriki whenu tapatapahi hei whakapakari i te rauemi whakakotahi, nā te mea he tonu ngā muka karāhe i roto i ngā whāriki whenu tonu. Nā te pai ake o te pānga whakarei, kua whakamahia i roto i ngā tukanga maha.
1.3.3Whāriki Mata
He mea noa anō hoki te whakamahi i te whāriki mata i roto i te oranga o ia rā, pērā i te paparanga kapia o ngā hua FRP, he whāriki mata karāhe kawakore waenga. Hei tauira, ko te FRP, nā te mea he karāhe kawakore waenga tōna whāriki mata, ka pumau te matū o te FRP. I taua wā anō, nā te mea he tino māmā, he angiangi hoki te whāriki mata, ka taea e ia te mimiti i te kapia, ka taea hoki te mahi tiaki engari he mahi ataahua anō hoki.
1.3.4Whāriki ngira
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te whāriki ngira, ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te tapahi ngira muka. He tino māmā te tukanga whakaputa, tuatahi tapatapahia te muka karāhe, tata ki te 5 cm te rahi, tauhiuhia matapōkeretia ki runga i te rauemi turanga, kātahi ka whakatakotoria te papa ki runga i te whitiki kawe, kātahi ka werohia te papa ki te ngira whatu, nā te pānga o te ngira whatu, ka werohia ngā muka ki roto i te papa, kātahi ka whakaohokia kia hanga he hanganga toru-ahu. He whakaritenga anō hoki tō te papa kua tīpakohia, me whai āhua puhoi. He whānui te whakamahinga o ngā hua whāriki ngira i roto i ngā rauemi whakamahana oro me te whakamahana i runga i ō rātou āhuatanga. Ae, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i te FRP, engari kāore i rongonui nā te mea he iti te kaha o te hua i whiwhihia, ā, he ngāwari ki te pakaru. Ko tētahi atu momo e kiia ana ko te whāriki whatu ngira miro tonu, ā, he tino māmā hoki te tukanga whakaputa. Tuatahi, ka maka matapōkeretia te miro ki runga i te whitiki mata kua whakaritea i mua me te taputapu maka waea. Waihoki, ka tangohia he ngira whatu mō te wero ngira hei hanga i te hanganga muka toru-ahu. I roto i ngā kirihou whakamahana muka karāhe kua whakapakarihia, he pai te whakamahi i ngā whāriki ngira miro tonu.
Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā muka karāhe tapatapahi kia rua ngā āhua i roto i tētahi whānuitanga roa mā te mahi tuitui a te mīhini here tuitui. Ko te tuatahi kia huri hei whāriki whenu tapatapahi, e whakakapi pai ana i te whāriki whenu tapatapahi here-here. Ko te tuarua ko te whāriki whenu roa, e whakakapi ana i te whāriki whenu tonu. He painga ōrite tō ēnei āhua e rua. Kāore e whakamahia he piripiri i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, e karo ana i te parahanga me te para, ā, e whakatutuki ana i te whai a te tangata ki te whakaora rauemi me te tiaki i te taiao.
1.4 Ngā muka mira
He tino māmā te tukanga whakaputa muka whenua. Tangohia he mira hama, he mira pōro rānei, ka tāpirihia ngā muka tapatapahi ki roto. He maha ngā whakamahinga o te huri me te huri i ngā muka i roto i te whakaputanga. I roto i te tukanga weronga tauhohenga, ka mahi te muka mira hei rauemi whakapakari, ā, he pai ake tana mahi i ērā atu muka. Hei karo i ngā pakaru me te whakapai ake i te mimiti i roto i te hanga hua whakarewa me ngā hua pokepoke, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā muka mira hei whakakī.
1.5 Kakahu muka karāhe
1.5.1Kakahu karāhe
Nō tētahi momo papanga muka karāhe. He rerekē ngā paerewa o te papanga karāhe e hangaia ana i ngā wāhi rerekē. I roto i te ao o te papanga karāhe i tōku whenua, e rua ngā momo matua: te papanga karāhe kore-waikawa me te papanga karāhe karāhe waenga-waikawa. Ka taea te kī he tino whānui te whakamahinga o te papanga karāhe, ā, ka kitea te tinana o te waka, te anga, te tāke rokiroki noa, me ētahi atu i roto i te ahua o te papanga karāhe kore-waikawa. Mō te papanga karāhe waenga-waikawa, he pai ake tōna ātete ki te waikura, nō reira he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i te hanga takai me ngā hua ātete-waikura. Hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o ngā papanga muka karāhe, me tīmata i ngā āhuatanga e whā, arā, ngā āhuatanga o te muka tonu, te hanganga o te miro muka karāhe, te ahunga o te miro me te whatu me te tauira papanga. I roto i te ahunga o te miro me te whatu, ka whakawhirinaki te matotoru ki te hanganga rerekē o te miro me te tauira papanga. Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te papanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te matotoru o te miro me te whatu me te hanganga o te miro muka karāhe.
1.5.2 Rīpene Karāhe
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te rīpene karāhe, ko te momo tuatahi he ripene taha, ko te momo tuarua he ripene taha kore-whatu, he mea whatu kia rite ki te tauira whatu mania. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā rīpene karāhe mō ngā wāhanga hiko e hiahia ana ki ngā āhuatanga hiko-kore teitei. Ngā wāhanga taputapu hiko kaha teitei.
1.5.3 Kakahu kotahi-angi
I te ao o ia rā, he mea whatu ngā papanga kotahi-angihanga mai i ngā miro e rua, he rerekē te matotoru, ā, he kaha te kaha o ngā papanga e hua mai ana i te ahunga matua.
1.5.4 Kakahu toru-ahu
He rerekē te papanga ahu-toru i te hanganga o te papanga papatahi, he ahu-toru, nō reira he pai ake tōna pānga i te muka papatahi whānui. He painga kei te rauemi hiato kua whakapakarihia ki te muka-toru-ahu kāore i ētahi atu rauemi hiato kua whakapakarihia ki te muka. Nā te mea he ahu-toru te muka, he pai ake te pānga whānui, ā, ka kaha ake te ātete ki te kino. Nā te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, nā te pikinga o te tono mōna i roto i te rererangi, ngā motuka me ngā kaipuke kua tino pakari ake tēnei hangarau, ā, inaianei kua nohoia e ia tētahi wāhi i roto i te ao hākinakina me ngā taputapu hauora. Ko ngā momo papanga ahu-toru e wehea ana kia rima ngā wāhanga, ā, he maha ngā āhua. Ka kitea he nui te wāhi whanaketanga o ngā papanga ahu-toru.
1.5.5 Kakahu āhua
Ka whakamahia ngā papanga āhua hei whakakaha i ngā rauemi hiato, ā, ko tōna āhua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua o te mea e whakakahangia ana, ā, kia tutuki ai te hanganga, me whatu ki tētahi mīhini motuhake. I roto i te mahi whakaputa, ka taea e tātou te hanga i ngā āhua ōrite, āhua kore ōrite rānei, he iti ngā herenga, ā, he pai ngā tūmanakohanga.
1.5.6 Kakahu matua kua whakakōpikopikohia
He tino māmā hoki te hanga o te papanga matua awaawa. E rua ngā paparanga papanga ka whakatakotoria kia whakarara, kātahi ka honoa mā roto i ngā pae poutū, ā, ka oatitia ko ō rātou horahanga whakawhiti he tapatoru rite, he tapawhā rite rānei.
1.5.7 Kakahu tuitui muka karāhe
He papanga tino motuhake tēnei, e kiia ana hoki e te tangata ko te whāriki whatu me te whāriki whatu, engari ehara i te papanga me te whāriki e mōhiotia ana e tātou i te tikanga noa. He mea tika kia kīia he papanga tuitui, kāore e whatua ngātahitia e te whenu me te whatu, engari ka taupatupatuhia ki te whenu me te whatu.
1.5.8 Ringa whakamātao muka karāhe
He tino māmā te tukanga whakaputa. Tuatahi, ka tīpakohia ētahi miro muka karāhe, kātahi ka whatuhia kia rite ki te āhua ngongo. Kātahi, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga rerekē mō te taumata whakamahana, ka hangaia ngā hua e hiahiatia ana mā te paninga ki te kapia.
1.6 Huinga muka karāhe
I te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaturanga pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua tino ahu whakamua hoki te hangarau muka karāhe, ā, kua puta mai ngā momo hua muka karāhe mai i te tau 1970 ki nāianei. Ko te tikanga, ko ēnei e whai ake nei:
(1) Whāriki miro tapatapahi + whāriki miro kāore i mirohia + whāriki miro tapatapahi
(2) Kakahu hurihuri kāore i mirohia + whāriki miro tapatapahi
(3) Whāriki miro tapatapahi + whāriki miro tonu + whāriki miro tapatapahi
(4) Te haereere matapōkere + te whāriki ōwehenga taketake tapatapahi
(5) Muka waro kotahi-angi + whāriki miro tapatapahi, kakahu rānei
(6) Whāriki mata + miro tapatapahi
(7) Kakahu karāhe + tokotoko angiangi karāhe, he kakahu hurihuri kotahi-angi rānei +
1.7 Kakahu kore-whatu muka karāhe
Kāore i kitea tuatahitia tēnei hangarau i tōku whenua. Ko te hangarau tuatahi i hangaia i Ūropi. Nō muri mai, nā te hekenga mai o te tangata, ka kawea mai tēnei hangarau ki te Hononga o Amerika, ki Kōrea ki te Tonga me ētahi atu whenua. Hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te umanga muka karāhe, kua whakatūria e tōku whenua ētahi wheketere nui, ā, kua nui te haumi ki te whakatūnga o ētahi raina whakaputa taumata teitei. I tōku whenua, ko ngā whāriki muka karāhe kua whakatakotoria mākūhia ka wehea ki ēnei wāhanga e whai ake nei:
(1) He mea nui te whāriki tuanui ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o ngā kiriuhi uku me ngā shingle uku tae, kia pai ake ai.
(2) Whāriki paipa: Pērā i te ingoa, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia tēnei hua ki ngā paipa. Nā te mea he ātete te muka karāhe ki te waikura, ka taea e ia te tiaki i te paipa mai i te waikura.
(3) Ko te whāriki mata e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā ki te mata o ngā hua FRP hei tiaki i a ia.
(4) Ko te whāriki whakakikorua te mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā pakitara me ngā tuanui nā te mea ka taea e ia te ārai i te pakaru o te peita. Ka taea e ia te hanga i ngā pakitara kia papatahi ake, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia kutikutia mō ngā tau maha.
(5) Ko te whāriki papa te mea matua e whakamahia ana hei rauemi turanga mō ngā papa PVC
(6) Whāriki whāriki; hei rauemi pūtake mō ngā whāriki.
(7) Ka taea e te whāriki raima parahi e piri ana ki te raima parahi te whakarei ake i tana mahi wero me te keri.
2 Ngā whakamahinga motuhake o te muka karāhe
2.1 Te mātāpono whakapakari o te raima whakapakari muka karāhe
He tino rite te kaupapa o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe ki te kaupapa o ngā rauemi hiato whakakaha muka karāhe. Tuatahi, mā te tāpiri i te muka karāhe ki te raima, ka mau te muka karāhe i te ahotea o roto o te rauemi, kia whakaroa ai, kia ārai ai rānei i te whānui o ngā kapiti moroiti. I te wā e hangaia ana ngā kapiti raima, ka ārai te rauemi e mahi ana hei konganuku i te putanga mai o ngā kapiti. Mena he pai te pānga o te konganuku, e kore e taea e ngā kapiti te whānui me te uru. Ko te mahi a te muka karāhe i roto i te raima ko te konganuku, ka taea te ārai pai i te whakaputa me te whānui o ngā kapiti. Ina horapa te kapiti ki te taha o te muka karāhe, ka aukati te muka karāhe i te ahunga whakamua o te kapiti, ka akiaki i te kapiti kia huri ke, ā, ka piki ake te horahanga o te kapiti, nō reira ka piki ake hoki te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te kino.
2.2 Te tikanga whakangaro o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe
I mua i te pakaru o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe, ko te kaha kume e mau ana i te raima me te muka karāhe te nuinga o te wā ka tohaina. I te wā e pakaru ana, ka tukuna te ahotea mai i te raima ki te muka karāhe e tata ana. Ki te piki tonu te kaha kume, ka pakaru te muka karāhe, ā, ko ngā tikanga pakaru ko te pakaru kutikuti, te pakaru kume, me te pakaru tō.
2.2.1 Te korenga o te kutikuti
Ko te ahotea kutikuti e mau ana i te raima whakakaha muka karāhe ka tohaina e te muka karāhe me te raima, ā, ka tukuna te ahotea kutikuti ki te muka karāhe mā roto i te raima, kia pakaru ai te hanganga muka karāhe. Heoi anō, he painga anō tō te muka karāhe. He roa te roa, he iti hoki te ātete kutikuti, nō reira he ngoikore te whakapai ake i te ātete kutikuti o te muka karāhe.
2.2.2 Te korenga o te kume
Ina nui ake te kaha kume o te muka karāhe i tētahi taumata, ka pakaru te muka karāhe. Mēnā ka pakaru te raima, ka roa rawa te muka karāhe nā te rerekētanga o te kume, ka iti tōna rōrahi taha, ā, ka tere ake te pakaru o te kaha kume.
2.2.3 Te kino o te tōia
Kia pakaru te raima, ka tino kaha ake te kaha kume o te muka karāhe, ā, ka nui ake te kaha kume i te kaha i waenganui i te muka karāhe me te raima, ā, ka pakaru te muka karāhe, kātahi ka kumea atu.
2.3 Ngā āhuatanga piko o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe
Ina pikau te raima whakakaha i te kawenga, ka wehea tōna pihi ahotea-taumahatanga kia toru ngā wāhanga rerekē mai i te tātaritanga miihini, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi: ka puta tuatahi te whakarerekētanga rapa tae noa ki te puta o te pakaru tuatahi. Ko te āhuatanga matua o tēnei wāhanga ko te piki haere o te whakarerekētanga tae noa ki te pūwāhi A, e tohu ana i te kaha pakaru tuatahi o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe. Ko te wāhanga tuarua: ina pakaru te raima, ka whakawhitia te kawenga e pikau ana ki ngā muka tata hei pikau, ā, ka whakatauhia te kaha pikau i runga i te muka karāhe tonu me te kaha here ki te raima. Ko te Pūwāhi B te kaha piko mutunga o te raima whakakaha muka karāhe. Ko te wāhanga tuatoru: ka tae ki te kaha mutunga, ka whati te muka karāhe, ka kumea rānei, ā, ka taea tonu e ngā muka e toe ana te pikau i tētahi wāhanga o te kawenga kia kore ai e pakaru te pakaru.
Whakapā mai ki a mātou:
Tau waea:+8615823184699
Tau waea: +8602367853804
Email:marketing@frp-cqdj.com
Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-06-2022
